| When
Nazis go Pop... In the good old times everything
seemed to be easy: The symbols, clothes and ideology of the extreme right
were quite easy to identify. This was the cliché of the right-wing
version of skinhead outfit ("boneheads"). Since a few years
there have been massive changes in the far-right in Germany. There is
the strategy to adopt symbols and clothes of other youth cultures including
the left one. Background on Extreme-Right
Organisations One main actor in Germany´s
far-right is the NPD (National-democratic Party of Germany). With a crude
mix of antisemitism and racism it´s the legal arm of the extreme
right. It is used to network different fractions of the right-wing extremists. Because the NPD is a legal
party there are boundaries to the levels of ideology: they can´t
hold extreme positions without legal consequences. So another part of
the far-right, not willing to deal with those constrictions, was founding
"Freie Kameradschaften" (free associations): local based, small
groups forming (inter-)national more or less loose networks. There are
150 in Germany existing yet- and because they aren´t legal organisations
authorities can´t ban them easily. They are organized internally
strictly hierachical and due to their missing program used to connect
various fractions of the far-right and people that wouldn´t want
to work in a regular party [2].
One of the most succesful
is "Thor Steinar"- a clothes company from the far-right for
the far right by nationalist activist Axel Kopelke from Koenigs-Wusterhausen
(near Berlin) using modiefied runes of the SA/ SS as logo for his brand
[6]. But repression is hitting the extreme right hard: there have been court decision where persons got convicted for wearing Thor Steinar clothes in public [7] and there are also restrictions for demonstrations of nationalists not to wear Thor Steinar clothes [8]. Logo of Thor Steinar
This seems to be an endless battle of repression-innovation of new codes-repression. Evaluating the results there are 2 points: on the one hand it´s good that the far-right is put under pressure. They have to deal with court decisions which costs time, money and nerves. On the other hand this stimulates their creativity in evolving new tactics all the time which also has some risks. So there are less racists and nationalists speaking out in public but hiding their intentions and trying to deliver them with unobtrusive codes not directly linked with right-wing ideology. Changing the dresscodes:
Infiltrating Other Youth Cultures A benefit for the far-right resulting of this strategy is that in public the bad reputation of "Nazi" as the cliché of some bald bonehead is avoided. "Nazis" aren´t some clearly identifiable persons anymore, which can be easily marked as "outsiders" any more but look like everybody else does. So they come a bit closer to their goal of not getting excluded at all but becoming a "normal" part in the political spectrum. Also both trends seems to be contradictory they follow one goal: to create a huge, diverse right-wing lifestyle. So there isn´t "one" right-wing style to identify any more but a variety where each new member can choose the one he likes. No more association with the Third Reich but modern, popular symbols and codes.
That doesn´t mean that these "autonomous
nationalists" are pro-left-wing now. One main field of activity is
the "Anti-Antifa" – the collecting of adresses and threatening
against all kind of left and imaginary left people. |
| It´s not only the adresses of left antifascists they collect, but also the ones of judges, teachers, scientists, jewish people and politician acting against the far-right Some commentators mention
that the adoption of left symbols by the right isn´t a historical
new phenomenon: the Nazis in the pre-fascist Germany in the 1920s already
adopted the red flag by the communists and re-coded symbols and ideology
of the worker movement for their purposes [13]. Adopting Left Phrases Of course the fascists don´t demand a free, equal society. They simply have a "shortened" criticism of capitalism. For them it´s not capitalism itself to blame but the influence of some "evil" people and groups like "bad capitalists only speculating with money" (dividing capitalism in a "good" sphere of work and in a "bad" sphere of speculation), migrants (for "taking away german labour") and of course Jews (for "controlling the world" et cetera). Instead of abolishing capitalism, they want a hierarchical "Volksgemeinschaft" following racist criterias. They are not criticizing unequality but the imaginary exploitation of the german, white, able to work man by foreign forces [16]. They also adopt views (formerly)
carried by left-wing "anti-imperialist" groups: against the
(jewish) occupation of Palestine and the US-led invasion of Iraq. So the far-right is trying to take over more and more formerly left-wing dominated political issues like social protest. And the results are frightening: the extreme right party NPD could get 9,2% (former 1,4%) of the votes for the regional parlament of Saxony in september 2004 with an election campaign focussing only on social protest [20]. So the strategy of nationalists seems to pay off for them: occupying formely left dominated political issues and strategies to gain popularity.
Autonomous Nationalists in Cologne on the 16.10.2004 |
|
They also didn´t get the concept of using the black block for protection: during the far-right demonstration on 1.5.2004 in Berlin the police requested the 150 people in the right-wing black bloc to put off the cloths around their faces (to mask is illegal on demonstrations in Germany). And they immediately did. Also as some of their "comrades" were arrested- hardly any resistance arose [23]. Nonetheless the concept isn´t
without criticism in Germany´s right-wing: many activists opposing
it. There are critics saying it is just a stolen concept of the left.
As one of Germany´s most famous nazi leaders Christian Worch says
(referring to his demonstration in Leipzig on the 1.5.2004) that he doesn´t
need a black bloc because the whole demonstration has to be "one"
bloc [24]. He and others view the black bloc as a concept dividing the
far-right. But it´s not possible to denounce this strategy only to be carried by some rudimentary parts in the far-right. There have been several demonstrations now in towns all over Germany- so at least some parts of the organized right are willing to use this strategy. And the game with codes can also work like a boomerang and confuse their own people by causing a massive identity crisis: "who are we when some of us are wearing the clothes of the left". The far-right still has some very conservative members not wanting to post-modern arbitrariness. But this is exactly what is happening when using the "pop" strategy. Che Guevara is a pop symbol and common like the "CocaCola" writing- but that doesn´t mean the ideology he was standing for, socialism, is. A loss of the values once connected with symbols is happening always when symbol become part of the popular culture. Also there will be attacks by nationalists on nationalists because of mistaking the other for a lefty (or simply not tolerating the left symbols he´s wearing), the whole strategy will be questioned. So there is a destructive potential that undermines the expansive intentions of the far-right on the long run. One shouldn´t forget
that it doesn´t make much difference if a person get´s beaten
to death because the attacker had a fixed national-socialist or "only"
a loose racist world view.
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Footnotes: [1] NPD
bleibt zugelassene Partei. In: Frankfurter Rundschau, 18.3.2003
[2] Documentated in an article on "Freie Kameradschaften" and
"autonomous nationalists" by ALB (Antifascist Left Berlin) published on
their website: [3] Jan Langehein: NPD und freie Kameradschaften: Jetzt alle zusammen! In: Jungle World, Nr.42/2004 http://www.hagalil.com/archiv/2004/10/npd.htm [4] Karsten Laumeyer: Neonazis und der 1.Mai: Black Block Nazis. In: Jungle World, Nr.13/2004 http://www.klick-nach-rechts.de/ticker/2004/03/1mai.htm [5] Straßennazis strömen jetzt in die NPD. In: Die Tageszeitung, 24.9.2004 http://www.taz.de/pt/2004/09/24/a0099.nf/text.ges,1
[6] There is an antifascist information site on Thor Steinar
and its background documentating all kind of information and news on the
label and connected activities.
[7] Although it´s not sure that the actual Thor Steinar-logo
will be forbidden, those decisions cause insecurity in the right-wing scene.
Would you buy an expensive sweatshirt, if it could get get confiscated
tomorrow? Nonetheless, Thor Steinar is sold still – even in "normal" shops.
[8] During a nationalist demonstration in Potsdam on the
30.10.2004 the local public prosecutor´s office wanted to arrest all people
wearing Thor Steinar clothes.
[9] A detailed brochure on right-wing symbols (and clothes):
[10] There´s an antifacist network documentating right-wing approaches in musical scenes listing all their activities and giving antifascists strategies against: http://www.turnitdown.de/ [11]
Alexander Fichtner.: Aneignung von rechts.
In: Jungle
World, Nr.21/2004
[12] Nationalists on the 1.5.2005 were wearing a banner
saying "Antifascist Action Fuerstenwalde- ban the PDS". The PDS is the
left-socialist succession party of former GDR-party SED. [13]
Fascho Fasching. Des Nazis neue Kleider: Zur Übernahme linker Symbolik durch
rechte Gruppen. In: Junge Welt 9.8.2004 [14] As proclaimed by the NPD on demonstrations. http://www.npd.de/npd_info/meldungen/2003/m0703-2.html [15]
It´s not only the NPD sticking to these social protests. Activists of
"Freie Kameradschaften" set up a page dedictated to the protest
against HartzIV and the social democratic "Agenda2010".
[16] A documentation on the infiltration of the
"Anti-HartzIV" protests by Nazis and possible strategies of the left against
it was published by the antifascist group ALB.
[17] This is another example that some left, anti-imperialist
and right positions can be sticked together quite easily: At least the Nazis
had in some towns in Germany no problems of entering "peace" demonstrations [18] At this point the ideology of the right really has some points where it can be connected to a, islamic militants and b, anti-imperialist left-wing. E.g. Udo Voigt and Horst Mahler (former terrorist of marxist-leninist terrorist group RAF), both leading members of the NPD ,attented a congress of islamic-militant group Hizb ut-Tahrir in Berlin on 3.11.2002. Detailed webpage on this group: http://www.stura.uni-leipzig.de/~farao/gruppen/hizbtahrir.htm
There are also cooperations between all 3 groups german
nationalists, islamists and anti-imperialists as german anarchist newspaper
"Graswurzelrevolution" figures out at the campaign "10 Euros for the iraqui
resistance":
[19] Like on a demonstration of "Aktionsbüro Norddeutschland"
in Hamburg.
[20]
Spiegel Online, 19.9.2004
[21] Examples for those black blocs on far-right
demonstrations are on the 1.5.2004 in Berlin with 150 nationalists or the
16.10.2004 in Cologne-Kalk with 100-200 nationalists [22] Quoted from the right-wing brochure by "autonomous nationalists" on the relevance on the right-wing black bloc http://www.schwarzer-block.de/schwarzer_block.pdf [23]
N.N.: Alles nur geklaut? Die Übernahme linker Symbolik durch Nazis. In:
Antifaschistisches Infoblatt#63, Sommer 2004 [24]
Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz Berlin, News 24.2.2004 [25]
N.N.: Alles nur geklaut? Die Übernahme linker Symbolik durch Nazis. In:
Antifaschistisches Infoblatt#63, Sommer 2004 |